Aplicación de votaciones electrónicas utilizando el algoritmo criptográfico de paillier
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71112/f449y553Palavras-chave:
Elección electrónica,, Cifrado homomórfico,, Paillier,, Votación electrónica,, Privacidad.Resumo
Los procesos electorales en los países democráticos son de vital importancia y, a pesar de los beneficios que ofrece la tecnología para hacerlos más eficientes e inmediatos, la mayoría de las personas sigue optando por los procesos electorales tradicionales mediante el uso de boletas físicas y asistiendo en persona a las urnas para votar, en lugar de utilizar sistemas electrónicos a través de Internet. La operacionalización se basa en el uso de algoritmos de cifrados seguros y en una implementación de código libre de errores, ya que estos pueden dar lugar a vulnerabilidades. En este artículo se analiza un esquema de elección electrónica basado en el cifrado homomórfico para el cifrado de votos, el conteo de votos y la publicación de los resultados electorales, dadas las características de este tipo de cifrado. Se desarrolla una aplicación web como ejemplo aplicando el algoritmo de Paillier para simular una elección electrónica con el fin de validar los cálculos, lo que permite obtener el total de los votos a través de la multiplicación de los textos cifrados obtenidos con Paillier y, de este modo, garantizar la eficiencia en el proceso, así como la integridad y la privacidad de los datos.
Downloads
Referências
Abby Abazorius. (2020, February 13). MIT researchers identify security vulnerabilities in voting app. MIT News | Massachusetts Institute of Technology. https://news.mit.edu/2020/voting-voatz-app-hack-issues-0213
Cedillo, M. (2017). Sistema de Votación por Internet FIDELIS. CINVESTAV.
Chaum, D. L. (1981). Untraceable electronic mail, return addresses, and digital pseudonyms. Commun. ACM, 24(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1145/358549.358563 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/358549.358563
Collins English Dictionary. (2024). E-VOTING definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary. https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/e-voting
Drummond, M. (2024). An Introduction to Cryptography. IDPro Body of Knowledge, 1(13). https://doi.org/10.55621/idpro.102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.55621/idpro.102
Garimella, K. K., & Conway, D. (2024). Zero-Knowledge Proofs and Privacy: A Technical Look at Privacy. In M. C. Lacity & L. Coon (Eds.), Human Privacy in Virtual and Physical Worlds: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (pp. 157–179). Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51063-2_8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-51063-2_8
Gaudry, P., & Golovnev, A. (2020). Breaking the Encryption Scheme of the Moscow Internet Voting System. In J. Bonneau & N. Heninger (Eds.), Financial Cryptography and Data Security (Vol. 12059, pp. 32–49). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51280-4_3
Gentry, C. (2009). A fully homomorphic encryption scheme. https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:53903759 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/1536414.1536440
Haines, T., Lewis, S. J., Pereira, O., & Teague, V. (2020). How not to prove your election outcome. 2020 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP), 644–660. https://doi.org/10.1109/SP40000.2020.00048 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/SP40000.2020.00048
Halderman, J. A., & Teague, V. (2015). The New South Wales iVote System: Security Failures and Verification Flaws in a Live Online Election (No. arXiv:1504.05646). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1504.05646 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-22270-7_3
Halevi, S. (2017). Homomorphic Encryption. In Y. Lindell (Ed.), Tutorials on the Foundations of Cryptography: Dedicated to Oded Goldreich (pp. 219–276). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57048-8_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-57048-8_5
Kartit, Z., Azougaghe, A., Kamal Idrissi, H., El Marraki, M., Hedabou, M., Belkasmi, M., & Kartit, A. (2016). Applying Encryption Algorithm for Data Security in Cloud Storage. In E. Sabir, H. Medromi, & M. Sadik (Eds.), Advances in Ubiquitous Networking (pp. 141–154). Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-287-990-5_12
Kho, Y.-X., Heng, S.-H., & Chin, J.-J. (2022). A Review of Cryptographic Electronic Voting. Symmetry, 14(5), Article 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14050858 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14050858
Li, H., Kankanala, A. R., & Zou, X. (2014). A taxonomy and comparison of remote voting schemes. 2014 23rd International Conference on Computer Communication and Networks (ICCCN), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCN.2014.6911807 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCCN.2014.6911807
Mamatha, G. S., Dimri, N., & Sinha, R. (2024). Post-Quantum Cryptography: Securing Digital Communication in the Quantum Era (No. arXiv:2403.11741). arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.11741
Marcolla, C., Sucasas, V., Manzano, M., Bassoli, R., Fitzek, F. H. P., & Aaraj, N. (2022). Survey on Fully Homomorphic Encryption, Theory, and Applications (No. 2022/1602). Cryptology ePrint Archive. https://doi.org/10.1109/JPROC.2022.3205665 DOI: https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.19315202.v4
Menezes, A., Oorschot, P. C. van, & Vanstone, S. A. (1997). Handbook of Applied Cryptography. CRC Press.
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2018). Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy. Washington. 2018. Securing the Vote: Protecting American Democracy. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. Https://doi.org/10.17226/25120. The National Academies Press. https://nap.nationalacademies.org/catalog/25120/securing-the-vote-protecting-american-democracy
NIST. (2015). Secure Hash Standard (SHS) (No. Federal Information Processing Standard (FIPS) 180-4). U.S. Department of Commerce. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.180-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.180-4
NIST. (2023a). Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) (No. NIST FIPS 197-upd1; p. NIST FIPS 197-upd1). National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.). https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.197-upd1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.197-upd1
NIST. (2023b). Digital Signature Standard (DSS). National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.). https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.186-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.FIPS.186-5
OASIS. (2011). Election Markup Language (EML) Specification Version 7.0. https://docs.oasis-open.org/election/eml/v7.0/eml-v7.0.html
Paillier, P. (1999). Public-Key Cryptosystems Based on Composite Degree Residuosity Classes. In J. Stern (Ed.), Advances in Cryptology—EUROCRYPT ’99 (Vol. 1592, pp. 223–238). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48910-X_16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-48910-X_16
Peng, K. (2011). An efficient shuffling based eVoting scheme. Journal of Systems and Software, 84(6), 906–922. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2011.01.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2011.01.001
Rivest, R. L., Shamir, A., & Adleman, L. (1978). A method for obtaining digital signatures and public-key cryptosystems. Commun. ACM, 21(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1145/359340.359342 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/359340.359342
Ryu, J., Kim, K., & Won, D. (2023). A Study on Partially Homomorphic Encryption. 2023 17th International Conference on Ubiquitous Information Management and Communication (IMCOM), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/IMCOM56909.2023.10035630 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/IMCOM56909.2023.10035630
Scrum.org. (2024). Scrum. https://www.scrum.org/learning-series/what-is-scrum/
Shirey, R. W. (2007). Internet Security Glossary, Version 2 (Request for Comments No. RFC 4949; Issue RFC 4949). Internet Engineering Task Force. https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC4949 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17487/rfc4949
Springall, D., Finkenauer, T., Durumeric, Z., Kitcat, J., Hursti, H., MacAlpine, M., & Halderman, J. A. (2014). Security Analysis of the Estonian Internet Voting System. Proceedings of the 2014 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 703–715. https://doi.org/10.1145/2660267.2660315 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/2660267.2660315
Zetter, K. (2019, March 12). Researchers Find Critical Backdoor in Swiss Online Voting System. Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/zmakk3/researchers-find-critical-backdoor-in-swiss-online-voting-system
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2026 Álvaro Hernán Zavala Ruballo (Autor/a)
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
