Análisis de Clases Latentes como Enfoque de Modelamiento no Observado: fundamentos teóricos, supuestos y relaciones con los modelos de medición de Rasch
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https://doi.org/10.71112/yqay0d64Palavras-chave:
clases latentes,, modelos de mezcla,, heterogeneidad poblacional,, Rasch,, medición educativa.Resumo
El análisis de clases latentes (Latent Class Analysis, LCA) constituye un enfoque estadístico orientado a la identificación de subpoblaciones no observadas a partir de patrones de respuesta en variables categóricas. Se diferencia de los modelos continuos de rasgos latentes, porque el LCA asume que la heterogeneidad poblacional puede representarse mediante un número finito de clases cualitativamente distintas. Este artículo presenta una revisión teórica del análisis de clases latentes, abordando fundamentos conceptuales, formalización estadística, supuestos del modelo y los criterios comúnmente utilizados para la determinación del número óptimo de clases. Se discute su relación conceptual y metodológica con los modelos de medición de Rasch, destacando similitudes, diferencias y posibles usos complementarios en investigación educativa. El escrito concluye con una reflexión crítica sobre las ventajas, limitaciones y desafíos actuales del enfoque de clases latentes en el estudio de fenómenos educativos complejos.
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