The absence of the student counseling department and its impact on inclusive education processes, Quito, 2025

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.71112/zapc8m72

Keywords:

DECE, inclusive education, specialized support, pedagogical practices, equity

Abstract

The research analyzes how the absence of the Student Counseling Department (DECE) affects inclusive education processes in a rural educational institution in Quito during the 2024–2025 period. From a qualitative approach, it examines the perceptions of six teachers regarding the institutional, pedagogical, and socio-emotional limitations that arise in the absence of specialized support. The findings show that the lack of a DECE weakens the management of inclusive policies, hinders the implementation of curricular adaptations, affects school coexistence, and overloads teachers with responsibilities for which they are not always prepared. Although teachers demonstrate commitment, empathy, and a basic capacity to respond, inclusion becomes fragmented and dependent on individual efforts. It is concluded that the presence of multidisciplinary teams is essential to guarantee effective, equitable, and sustainable inclusive education.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Ainscow, M., Slee, R., & Best, M. (2019). The Salamanca Statement: 25 years on. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 23(7–8), 671–676. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1622800 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1622800

American School Counselor Association. (2024). Student-to-school-counselor ratios 2023–2024 [Archivo PDF]. https://www.schoolcounselor.org/getmedia/f2a319d5-db73-4ca1-a515-2ad2c73ec746/Ratios-2023-24-Alpha.pdf

Castillo, R. A. G. (2024). Sobrecarga laboral docente y su incidencia en la calidad educativa en instituciones fiscales del Ecuador. Revista Multidisciplinar G-NER@NDO, 6(1), 45–60. https://revista.gnerando.org/revista/index.php/RCMG/article/download/211/194

Centro de Estudios MINEDUC Chile. (2024). Análisis de la base de datos de la matrícula del Programa de Integración Escolar (PIE), 2023 (Apuntes 59–2024) [Archivo PDF]. https://bibliotecadigital.mineduc.cl/bitstream/handle/20.500.12365/21104/APUNTES%2059_2024_fd01.pdf

CEPAL. (2019). Panorama social de América Latina 2019. Naciones Unidas. https://www.cepal.org/es/publicaciones/44969-panorama-social-america-latina-2019

Cipriano, C., et al. (2023). The state of evidence for social and emotional learning: A contemporary meta-analysis of universal school-based SEL interventions. (PubMed). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13968

Donohue, P. (2022). The impacts of school counselor ratios on student outcomes. (JSTOR). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759X221137283

Gal, C., Ryder, C. H., Amsalem, S. R., & On, O. (2025). Shaping inclusive classrooms: Key factors influencing teachers’ attitudes toward inclusion of students with special needs. Education Sciences, 15(5), 541. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050541 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050541

Impact of school counselling and psychological services on… (2025). SAGE Journals. https://doi.org/10.1177/20556365251339704 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/20556365251339704

Kingsford-Smith, A. A., et al. (2023). Teacher wellbeing in rural, regional, and metropolitan… Journal of Rural Studies. (ScienceDirect).

La Salle-Finley, T. (2024). Understanding and promoting school climate, bullying… Journal of School Violence. (Taylor & Francis).

Slaten, C. D., et al. (2024). School counselors in the classroom: A systematic review. Journal of Counseling & Development. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12522 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jcad.12522

Yang, Y., et al. (2025). The effect of inclusive school climate on job burnout… Education Sciences, 15(5), 634. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15050634

Fazel, M., Hoagwood, K., Stephan, S., & Ford, T. (2016). Mental health interventions in schools in high-income countries. The Lancet Psychiatry, 3(2), 121–133.

Florian, L. (2019). On the necessary co-existence of special and inclusive education. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 23(7–8), 691–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1622801 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13603116.2019.1622801

Florian, L., & Black-Hawkins, K. (2016). Exploring inclusive pedagogy. British Educational Research Journal, 42(5), 813–828. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01411926.2010.501096

Göransson, K., & Nilholm, C. (2018). Conceptual diversities and empirical shortcomings: A critical analysis of research on inclusive education. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 33(3), 329–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2014.933545 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2014.933545

GRADE. (2023). Cifras sobre la educación rural en el Perú. https://www.grade.org.pe/creer/educacion-rural-en-el-peru/cifras/

Herman, K. C., Hickmon-Rosa, J., & Reinke, W. M. (2018). Empirically derived profiles of teacher stress, burnout, self‐efficacy, and coping and associated student outcomes. Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions, 20(2), 90–100. https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300717732066 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1098300717732066

Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. (2022). Pandemia y deserción escolar en la educación básica regular: Factores asociados y posibles efectos, 2017–2021 [Archivo PDF]. https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/investigaciones/desercion-escolar.pdf

Koster, M., Nakken, H., Pijl, S. J., & Van Houten, E. (2018). Social participation of students with special needs in regular primary education in the Netherlands. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 65(2), 133–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/10349120903537905 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10349120903537905

Kovač Cerović, T., Pavlović Babić, D., Jovanović, O., & Stanković, D. (2016). Inclusive education in practice: Structural, organizational and professional challenges. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 31(2), 237–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2016.1141512 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08856257.2016.1141512

McLaughlin, C., & Clarke, B. (2019). Relational matters: A review of school-based mental health interventions. Educational Psychology Review, 31(1), 239–256. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/284341912_Relational_matters_A_review_of_the_impact_of_school_experience_on_mental_health_in_early_adolescence

Ministerio de Educación del Ecuador. (2016). Modelo de funcionamiento de los Departamentos de Consejería Estudiantil (DECE). https://educacion.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2017/05/Modelo-Funcionamiento-DECEs.pdf

Murillo, F. J., & Duk, C. (2017). El enfoque de educación inclusiva en América Latina: Retos y oportunidades. Revista Latinoamericana de Educación Inclusiva, 11(2), 11–28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-73782017000200001

OECD. (2018). Equity in education: Breaking down barriers to social mobility. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264073234-en DOI: https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264073234-en

Reinke, W. M., & Herman, K. C. (2018). Creating supportive classroom environments through universal supports. Journal of School Psychology, 66, 27–38. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258174613_Classroom-Level_Positive_Behavior_Supports_in_Schools_Implementing_SW-PBIS_Identifying_Areas_for_Enhancement

Reinke, W. M., Stormont, M., Herman, K. C., Puri, R., & Goel, N. (2019). Supporting children’s mental health in schools: Teacher perceptions of needs, roles, and barriers. School Psychology Quarterly, 34(3), 310–321. https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000290 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/spq0000290

Slee, R. (2018). Inclusive education isn’t dead, it just smells funny. Routledge. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429486869

Slee, R., & Allan, J. (2020). Excluding the included: The politics of inclusive education. International Journal of Inclusive Education, 24(9), 951–966. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249019917_Excluding_the_included_A_reconsideration_of_inclusive_education

SNUipp-FSU. (2025, 13 de mayo). PsyEN : un manque d’attractivité (données de concours PsyEN 2025). https://www.snuipp.fr/actualites/posts/psyen-un-manque-d-attractivite

Sugai, G., & Horner, R. (2016). A systems approach to implementing evidence-based practices in education. School Psychology Review, 45(4), 455–467.

TF1 INFO. (2024, 3 de abril). Éducation nationale : n’y a-t-il en France qu’un conseiller d’orientation pour 1 500 élèves ? https://www.tf1info.fr/education/education-nationale-n-y-a-t-il-en-france-qu-un-conseiller-d-orientation-pour-1-500-eleves-2294313.html

Thompson, A. M., Reinke, W. M., Holmes, S. R., & Herman, K. C. (2017). The role of family–school collaboration in supporting student mental health. School Mental Health, 9(2), 111–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2017.04.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2017.04.002

UNESCO. (2020). Global education monitoring report: Inclusion and education – All means all. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000373718

Published

2026-03-31

Issue

Section

Education Sciences

How to Cite

Maila Cahuasquí, D. V., Dután Ordóñez, L. C., Llulluna Cuichán, J. C. ., Logacho Ramírez, N. R., & Tocto Cajo, J. C. . (2026). The absence of the student counseling department and its impact on inclusive education processes, Quito, 2025. Multidisciplinary Journal Epistemology of the Sciences, 3(1), 2782-2829. https://doi.org/10.71112/zapc8m72

Most read articles by the same author(s)