Graphene Oxide in dental and maxillofacial tissue Engineering: mechanistic insights and translational readiness for canine veterinary medicine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71112/yfrfsb30Schlagwörter:
graphene oxide, veterinary medicine, canine dentistry, periodontal regeneration, bone regeneration, biomaterials.Abstract
The aim of this study was to critically assess the translational maturity of graphene oxide (GO) in canine dental and maxillofacial medicine. The scientific literature published between 2015 and 2026 on the interaction of GO with oral tissues was analyzed. Of the studies identified, only three preclinical investigations evaluated in vivo performance in canine models, compared with 48 in vitro studies and 32 in vivo studies conducted exclusively in rodents. Although the incorporation of GO into scaffolds and coatings promotes osteogenesis in cellular assays and rodent models, evidence in canines remains insufficient. The reported biological performance is constrained by substantial risks of dose-dependent cytotoxicity, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and genotoxicity. These risks are associated with the lack of standardization in lateral sheet size, the carbon-to-oxygen (C/O) ratio, and GO aggregation in biological fluids. Furthermore, its antibacterial activity lacks clinical validation against dog-specific periodontal pathogens, particularly Porphyromonas gulae. The application of GO in veterinary dentistry remains at an early stage of development (TRL 3–4). Despite its mechanical and biomimetic properties, GO cannot yet be considered a clinically viable alternative until issues related to bioaccumulation, peroxidase-mediated enzymatic biodegradation, and material standardization in accordance with ISO requirements are adequately addressed.
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